Analysis Of Jodi Picoults The Tenth Circle - 1125 Words

Jodi Picoult is a fairly famous writer, one of her most notable works being My Sister’s Keeper. She is an author who is not afraid to talk about topics seen as taboo in our Western society and forces her audience to consider their own moral standing. She uses her own unique style of writing to build a relationship between the reader and the character, and has no problem with breaking that bond a few chapters later. Her book, The Tenth Circle, was published in 2006, and a movie adaptation came out two years after. Overall, The Tenth Circle is not one of her strongest works, however there are many good parts to the novel. Like her other books, it deals with uncomfortable topics, in this case, rape accusation. The Tenth Circle also features a†¦show more content†¦The Tenth Circle is lacking this development. Trixie shows slight character development near the end of the novel, however she has lied throughout the story and her suddenly choosing to tell the truth may still be a lie. So whether her character grew or not, is a very debatable question. The one character who does show character development, is Zephyr, Trixie’s best friend. In the first half, she is clearly more invested in popularity and Moss. After Trixie is raped, Zephyr sides with Moss and Jason instead of sticking by Trixie’s side. In the last half of the novel, however, Zephyr is quite apologetic for what she did, and spends as much time with Trixie in an attempt to help make it up to her. The last actions the reader sees Zephyr do, show how she has grown as a character from a friend who didn’t care, to someone who is an admirable best friend. The major themes throughout The Tenth Circle are betrayal, lying, and family. Betrayal is seen near the beginning when the reader learns about Laura’s affair with Seth, and the theme of lies is also introduced around the same time. Both themes continue to be discussed, lying playing a huge part. All characters lie in some way or another, and the question â€Å"is it worse to lie to yourself or to others† is posed for the characters to struggle with. Family pops up on a regular

My Grandfather, C.t, And My Father - 754 Words

My Grandfather, C.T. passed away when I was very young and although it was before I started school, I reacted greatly to his death and remember in details the events surrounding his death and my grieving process. He is the closest person I have lost and although I understand I should be grateful I haven t suffered recently, I still ache that my children never met mt primary father figure.. I was always close to my Grandparents and spent most of my time at their home. They were neighbors to us and since my mother worked nights and my father usually didn’t live with us, I was at her house day and night. I remember he always spoke to me as if I was grown and didn’t downplay situations that I was exposed to within my homes. As a young girl all of my family members assumed I didn’t notice things but he understood I needed assistance understanding things and I appreciated this. He had Parkinson s disease and I often assisted my Grandmother in his care including assista nce with the wheelchair, remembering medication and even eating. They allowed me to do all I was capable of and he even helped me learn to read and write by allowing me to teach him with his shakiness. He passed away in 1990 in his sleep on Thanksgiving morning. As I read the saying by Angelo Patri, my heart gave a tender ache because it was like reading my thoughts when I reflect about C.T. I feel so connected to this saying because when I was in elementary school I remember teaching my younger sister (who was

The Job Selection Criteria Free Essays

Why are you applying for the Graduate Trainee Program in the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade? What skills and attributes would you be able to contribute to DFAT’s goals and work? You should give examples based on your academic achievements, work experience and/or extra-curricular activities. I deem the Graduate Trainee Program as one of the epitomes of DFAT’s thrust in showcasing the best and brightest Australia has to offer the international community. Being part of a vibrant, dedicated and diverse group of individuals entrusted to foster understanding and promote the country’s foreign and trade relations is a challenge anyone who believes in Australia should be proud to be a part of. We will write a custom essay sample on The Job Selection Criteria or any similar topic only for you Order Now Having read Politics and Government in university and presently doing my post-graduate studies in International Relations give me the fundamental, if not advanced, skills as well as awareness of local and international socio-political and economic realities of today. Complementary to my academic skills are the English language teaching experiences I have locally and abroad, which contributed immensely to my understanding of different cultures and peoples of varying age group. Being trilingual (English, Korean and street Japanese) gives me the edge to appreciate not only the language of other people but the nuances of what a language conveys, this is a paramount trait in comprehending the distinct language of diplomacy. It has helped me deal with clients in an interpretation job, students in a teaching assignment or local tribes people in medical or mercy missions. 1.Written and Oral Communication Skills Provide examples of where your written and oral communication and negotiation skills have been most effective in the workplace or elsewhere. What outcomes were achieved? One of the jobs I do on the side is translation and interpretation work from Korean to English and vice versa. This type of work deals with Korean trade delegations coming to Australia to deal with Australian business owners. Both Korean and Australian clients require submission of a written project proposal prior to getting the tasking. The proposal calls for demonstrating my competence and advanced level of understanding not only of the Korean and English languages but the cultures as well. In writing the proposal, I set my plan of action and the methodology to be used for the translation and interpretation processes. After the clients read through my proposal, I present it to both parties and convince them of my being the right person to get the job done. During the actual translation/interpretation work, I sometimes observe that the principals’ understanding of what each said to the other may get â€Å"lost in translation.† The outcome of which is that on several occasions, I had to mediate and arbitrate so that the two factions agree on correct interpretations. It is noteworthy seeing conflicting parties come to terms because of my diplomatic approach and diligence in getting the job done properly. Describe a situation in which you had to identify and analyze a problem and then recommend a solution. What was the outcome? What constraints did you face in developing the solution? Would you have done anything differently? In 2001, while doing community re-building voluntary work with the Youth with a Mission (YMAN), a non-government organization assisting marginalized communities worldwide, I was a â€Å"trainee team leader† charged with a group of young volunteers from the United States, Canada, Australia, Fiji and even Australian aborigines. We were in northern Thailand amongst the Karen and Hmong tribes and I found out that due to their patriarchal society, the males in the tribes refused to work with our female volunteers. This caused some setbacks since individual assignments were already given prior to arriving on site. As the team leader of the group, I discussed this problem with the senior team leader and recommended that we should respect their culture in order to complete the mission. I talked with the team and organised the male volunteers to work in building houses and improving the local site. The female volunteers took on the English teaching assignments and medical assistance. This went well with the local populace and we gained their respect because we demonstrated our reverence for their beliefs. I would have done things differently by studying the culture, beliefs and peculiarities of the tribes first prior to embarking on another volunteer mission. What makes a successful team, in the workplace or elsewhere? Why are you an effective team member? How have you incorporated people from different backgrounds in a team in which you have participated? Give an example of how you have contributed to a team’s achievements. Team success rests with good leadership and management. I related the leader and manager role since despite being distinct characteristics, they are inseparable traits of someone charged with such daunting assignment. A leader/manager must have the vision to effectively implement tasks and the steadfastness to successfully complete mission objectives. My value as a team member is the ability to work cohesively with each team member and agree to set aside idiosyncrasies in order to fulfill collective goals. People with different backgrounds can be incorporated in a team by appealing to their individual aims and marry them with the strategic objectives. During one of my courses in post-graduate studies, our class simulated a United Nations Security Council meeting and I played the part of the Secretary General. We were doing North Korean nuclear proliferation conflict resolution and individuals have their own opinions on how best to mitigate the problem. Playing the goodwill role, I contributed to the team output by consolidating valid points from individuals and getting a group consensus that the solution to North Korea’s nuclear arms program is by catering to the North Korean’s need for aid in exchange for reduction or total demobilization of the nuclear arms . 4.Flexibility, Adaptability and Initiative Give an example of a challenge you have recently faced in the workplace, your studies or extra-curricular activities. Describe how you addressed and overcame that challenge. What were some of the difficulties you faced? While working as a contractual English instructor in Korea, I noticed that the students learning English, though very diligent and hardworking, English have a hard time with conversational, street-speak and business English. This is due to the formation of the program wherein they learn classroom and â€Å"theoretical† English but lacking the suave and practical application. Korea is a very rigid and structured society and change usually comes at a difficult phase. I adapted and conformed to the norms of the school but took the initiative by instructing my students to prepare a five-minute oral presentation of a country of their choice. The presentations have to be made with individually hand-made posters to have more impact in terms of graphics. After each student’s presentation, critiques from the class – in English, were done and this further confirmed the value of the pioneering teaching methodology. Needless to say, my technique was adapted by other teachers, who found it more efficient than the processes they have been using for years. Even the school director was pleased with my achievement that when my contract ended, he offered to renew it but I declined since I had to go back to Australia to pursue my studies. How to cite The Job Selection Criteria, Essay examples

Technology Solution for Promoting E-Banking in Bangladesh free essay sample

E-banking has revolutionised the way business istransacted by globalising the business enterprise. E-banking technologies have proliferated in recent years, and the availability of a wide range of products has led to increasing adoption among consumers. These technologies include direct deposit, computer banking, stored value cards, and debit cards. Consumers are attracted to these technologies because of convenience, increasing ease of use, and in some instances cost savings. E-banking, in particular, has grown at impressive rates. Between 1995 and 2003, e-banking increased eightfold. Between late 2002 and early 2005, use of online banking increased 47%, a clear evidence that e-banking is associated with better household financial management. All businesses, including small and medium scale industries, no matter their geographical locations, are all beneficiaries of e-banking. It encompasses all kinds of commercial transaction that is conducted on an electronic medium, mostly through the internet. E-banking links business to customers no matter their geographical location.It allows companies to make new business contacts from different global business alliances, test new products and services, and make market research and other enquiries all at a minimal cost both financial and otherwise. We will write a custom essay sample on Technology Solution for Promoting E-Banking in Bangladesh or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Smaller community banks, among others, are more interested in the application of e-banking to gain certain competitive edges over their larger counterparts. In addition to previous e-banking delivery systems, Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) and telephone transaction processing centres, online banking provides banks a new and more efficient electronic delivery tool.While ATMs were first introduced in early 1980s and initially an attempt to reduce operating costs, telephone call centres were developed in the 1990s to handle simple transactions and provide added customer services from a remote location. E-banking has been viewed as an upgrading from previous electronic delivery systems to open new business opportunities for the banking induetry. Electronic banking does not mean only 24- hours access to cash through an Automated Teller Machine (ATM) or Direct Deposit of pay checks into checking or savings accounts as many consumers may think.Electronic banking (e-banking) involves many different types of transactions; it is a form of banking where funds are transferred through an exchange of electronic signals between financial instituti on, rather than exchange of cash, cheques or other negotiable instruments. With the expansion of global Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure and the internet, e-banking is set to play a pivotal role in the national economic development of any country. But appropriate software, technology, infrastructure, skilled manpower and cyber law are crucial for the implementation of e-banking in the country. This paper reviewed the issues associated with various forms of e-banking accompanied by a field survey and explored the challenges and prospect of e-banking in Bangladesh. Chapter 1 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The primary objective of the report is to find out a technology solution for the banking system of Bangladesh using a nation-wide network. Implementing a nation-wide electronic banking system requires huge investment especially for the establishment of a backbone network. It really matters for a country like ours.

6 of the Best WordPress Email Marketing Plugins Compared

Looking for the best WordPress email marketing plugins? In this post, well feature six great options and help you decide which plugin is right for you. SendinBlue Subscribe Form And WP SMTP Author(s): SendinBlueCurrent Version: 2.9.8Last Updated: August 21, 2019mailin.zip 82%Ratings 380,114Downloads WP 4.4+Requires SendinBlue Subscribe Form and WP SMTP is the official WordPress plugin for the SendinBlue email marketing service. It lets you run all your email marketing efforts from right inside your WordPress dashboard.Key features:Build custom subscription forms, and embed them in posts, pages, or widget areasUse a drag-and-drop tool to create emails from scratch (or start from a template)Segment and automate your newsletters in a variety of waysView real-time statistics about your emails, such as clicks, opens, and so onWhat you’ll need to use it:In order to use this plugin, youll also need to use the SendinBlue email marketing service. You can get started with this service for free.Pricing:The plugin itself is free, and there’s a no-charge SendinBlue plan that lets you send up to 300 emails per day. Premium plans with higher limits start at $25 per month, the Lite version (40.000 emails / month), and go up to $39 for the Essential plan (60.000 emails / month). The Premium plan, $66 per month, offers 120.000 emails / month.Who should use it:Naturally, if youre already using the SendinBlue service, this is the plugin you want. It’s also one of the best WordPress email marketing plugins if you want a platform offering more than just the basics – including advanced segmentation and automation functionality.2. Email Subscribers Newsletters Email Subscribers Newsletters Author(s): IcegramCurrent Version: 4.2.3Last Updated: October 17, 2019email-subscribers.4.2.3.zip 92%Ratings 3,544,032Downloads WP 3.9+Requires If you’re looking for a full-featured solution, Email Subscribers Newsletters is one of the best Word Press email marketing plugins to start with. It provides everything you need to create and manage a list and send newsletters, without requiring a third-party connection.Key features:Add a subscription box to your site for collecting email addressesSend out email newsletters manually, or automatically based on specific triggersReceive notifications when new subscribers sign up and send out automated welcome emailsView email data, such as when each was sent and viewedWhat you’ll need to use it:Email Subscribers Newsletters makes use of your own server to send emails, so it doesn’t require any third-party subscriptions or additional tools.Pricing:Along with the free version, there’s a premium tier starting at $9 per month. This provides extra features such as email templates, built-in spam filtering, and the option to test newsletters.Who should use it:This plugin is an excellent option if you want a no-frills solution that you can manage straight from your websi te. It includes all the basics, is easy to pick up, and offers a decent amount of automation potential.3. Newsletter Newsletter Author(s): Stefano Lissa s installed on your WordPress site, you’ll immediately be able to start collecting emails and sending newsletters – no complex setup required.Key features:Collect email addresses via a customizable widget, page, or formCreate newsletters using a responsive drag-and-drop systemSegment your list to target different audiences with specific messagingUse a central status panel to configure the plugin and keep an eye on your campaignsWhat you’ll need to use it:You do not need any other tools or services to use this plugin, though it does give you the option of connecting to other SMTP plugins to help deliver your emails.Pricing:The base plugin is free, and there are a number of premium extensions to provide additional functionally. You can purchase these separately, or get them all for $76.59 for up to 3 websites o r for $298.60 for unlimited number of websites.Who should use it:Newsletter is one of the best WordPress email marketing plugins if you want to carry out targeted campaigns. While it offers fewer automation options than some tools, it provides a lot of segmentation potential.4. MailChimp for WordPress MC4WP: Mailchimp for WordPress Author(s): ibericodeCurrent Version: 4.6.1Last Updated: October 7, 2019mailchimp-for-wp.4.6.1.zip 96%Ratings 21,891,244Downloads WP 4.1+Requires This one connects your site to  Mailchimp – one of the most popular email marketing services available. If youre a Mailchimp user, this plugin will help you grow your list more effectively.Key features:Create custom sign-up forms and add them to your WordPress siteIntegrate with a wide variety of form builder and e-commerce pluginsView detailed reports about your campaigns (premium only)Send automatic notifications when new subscribers sign up (premium only)What you’ll need to use it:To us e this plugin, you’ll need to also use the Mailchimp email marketing service. Mailchimp offers a free plan that includes up to 2,000 subscribers and 12,000 emails per month. The paid tiers start at $10 per month, and prices scale with the number of subscribers you need.Pricing:As for the plugin itself, the free tier is very streamlined. It only enables you to create sign-up forms and add them to your site. If you want access to more functionality, you’ll need a premium license, which starts at $59 per year.Who should use it:This is one of the pricier options on our list of the best WordPress email marketing plugins. However, it also offers integration with one of the most feature-rich services available. It’s worth considering if you want an email marketing solution that enables you to create complex and highly-customized campaigns.Additionally, this is one of the best WordPress email marketing plugins if youre already using the Mailchimp service.5. MailsterMail ster is something of a halfway point between some of the options we’ve looked at so far. It’s a self-contained solution for WordPress, meaning that you don’t need a third-party service to use it. At the same time, it’s a premium-only plugin and offers a wider set of features than most free tools.Key features:Create emails using a library of templates and a drag-and-drop builderSet up customized automation, and send out emails based on specific trigger pointsManage and segment your email lists within WordPress itselfView detailed analytics on your emails and subscribers, via a centralized dashboardWhat you’ll need to use it:You won’t have to sign up for an external plan to use Mailster. At the same time, it’s compatible with many popular email sending services, such as SendGrid and Amazon SES. Integrating with these services is recommended as it will help you ensure your emails dont end up in spam.Pricing:As we mentioned, Mailster is a premium plugin. It will cost you $59 for a one-site license, updates, and six months’ worth of support.Who should use it:If you can afford the upfront cost, and you want a tool that will fully integrate with your WordPress site, Mailster is one of the best WordPress email marketing plugins to choose from. It’s highly customizable, compatible with a wide range of plugins and services, and easy to manage directly from your site.6. MailPoet MailPoet emails and newsletters in WordPress Author(s): MailPoetCurrent Version: 3.38.0Last Updated: October 15, 2019mailpoet.3.38.0.zip 92%Ratings 3,240,256Downloads WP 4.7+Requires MailPoet is a freemium plugin that integrates smoothly with your WordPress dashboard. You can create, schedule, and send emails right from your site, and manage your lists as well.Key features:Create a subscription form, and embed it wherever you like on your siteBuild emails either from scratch or by using a variety of starter templatesSet up mu ltiple subscriber lists, and manage them within WordPressSend automatic signup notifications and welcome emailsWhat you’ll need to use it:MailPoet can be used on its own, either by sending emails via your own server or a third-party service of your choosing. You can also sign up for a MailPoet sending plan, either free or premium.Pricing:The base plugin is free, and  there’s also a free plan that supports up to 1,000 subscribers and includes premium features for free such as all WooCommerce features and segmenting. If you want access to statistics and reporting features, you can get the premium plugin for $99. Alternately, you can pick up the premium version and MailPoet’s sending service in combination, starting at $13 per month (prices scale with subscriber count).Who should use it:Besides being a full-featured WordPress solution, MailPoet’s chief advantage is its scalability. You can start out with the free plugin and only pay for more features and r esources as you need them.Recapping the six best WordPress email marketing pluginsIf you have a WordPress site, you’ll want to use it as the ‘home base’ for your email marketing campaigns. With the right plugin, you can easily manage subscription form building, email creation, list management, analytics tracking, and more – right from your website.To recap, here are six of the best WordPress email marketing plugins you may want to try:SendinBlue Subscribe Form and WP SMTP: A WordPress plugin that connects your site to the SendinBlue service.Email Subscribers Newsletters: An easy-to-use, no-frills solution with plenty of automation options.Newsletter: An excellent choice for targeted campaigns and list segmentation.MailChimp for WordPress: A tool for connecting your site to Mailchimp, enabling you to build forms, view analytics, and so on.Mailster: A premium-only plugin that provides a fully-featured email marketing solution with lots of features.MailPoet: A highly-scalable option with both free and premium tiers, along with optional sending plans.Have any questions about these plugins? Ask away in the comments and well try to help! Email marketing on #WordPress? Check out these 6 great #email #marketing #plugins

Evolution vs Religion essays

Evolution vs Religion essays Charles Darwins introduction of evolution, created the battle between evolution and religion. Still, to this day, the influence of Darwinism has people asking themselves where they came from. God, a higher spirit, or the process of evolution, are the two main choices to pick from. For many years, God was the predominant answer, but after the ideas of Darwin, scientists have taken the task to trace humans back to the beginning of existence and try to give a scientific explanation. Obviously, since no one really knows for certain what happened that resulted in the creation of man, it can only be determined on a personal basis; through religious beliefs and educated guesses. Its quite clear that without the influence of Darwinism, there would be no controversy. However, there doesnt have to be a controversy. The creation of man should be thought of as a combination of God and evolution. Before the thoughts of Darwin, most people concluded that their must have been a higher creator who had placed them on earth. So, for many years, they worshiped God tenaciously, and to this day some people still do. To change such an idea that has existed for so many years is hard to accomplish. Therefore, Darwins theory was considered outrageous. According to Steve Jones, in his book, Darwins Ghost, in 1991 a hundred million Americans believed that during the last ten thousand years, man was created by God the way he is now. Man wasnt created from a previous specie ( 1). Its most likely that there was a higher spirit that created the existence of life. It explains how the world began. If you sit and think about it enough, its frightening to consider that there could, possibly, never have been anything at all; just an empty space of nothing, with no living mammals, insects, trees, grass, or clouds. However, the fact that humans, along with the othe ...

2. What were the greatest achievements of the Italian Renaissance Essay

2. What were the greatest achievements of the Italian Renaissance Explain your answer with reference to at least three works of art or literature - Essay Example Artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo thrived during this period, their works being considered masterpieces to this day. The works of the trio form the backbone of the Italian Renaissance and some of these shall be considered in this essay. One of the best-known works of the Italian Renaissance, and what can be considered one of its best accomplishments, is the fresco The Triumph of Galatea. This is a masterpiece by Raphael, which he painted for the Villa Farnesina, and is based on Greek mythology (Bruce 346). It is a depiction of how the Nereid Galatea became involved in a love situation with a shepherd. While this fresco is based on the mythology, it depicts a sight where Galatea is surrounded by humanoid sea creatures. This fresco is deemed one of Raphael’s supreme masterpieces whose meaning has been subject to speculation for a long time. The second, and perhaps the most well-known, work of art of this period is Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci. This painting is not only famous, but many books, songs, and poems have been written concerning it. This is because of the famed mystery, which the painting seems to carry with it. People who have visited it or viewed it have often wondered what da Vinci’s inte ntion for painting it was. While some people believe that it is just a regular painting, others have come up with theories concerning it, including that it holds a revered religious secret. The topic of the painting has an indistinct expression on her face. This expression has kept people interested in the painting for a long time, as each attempt to decipher its true meaning (McMullen). Art scholars continue to study it as ever-increasing theories, and myths develop around it. One of the most renowned pieces of art from the Italian Renaissance is the statue David, a monument by the sculptor Michelangelo, which is a representation of Biblical David, who was a favorite subject of Florentine artists, standing nude

Leading Global Workforce Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Leading Global Workforce - Assignment Example Caligiuri, Lepak and Bonache (2010) point out, since most of the modern organizations operate with a global view, they think that maintaining a culturally diverse workplace environment is essential to accomplish their long term objectives (p.na). A global recruitment approach can really benefit the organizations to access human talent and professional expertise effectively. The firms may rely on their permanent employees to perform managerial tasks and other crucial organizational tasks whereas they may use contingent workers to do their less important or monotonous nature of work. According to Stickney (2008, p.35), cost saving is the major benefit of using contingent workers because organizations do not need to pay temporary workers for downtime. In addition, companies do not want to offer benefits such as vacation time, holiday pay, sick leave, and health insurance to temporary workers. Another advantage is that it provides organizations with a broad talent pool from which they can select during special projects with a short deadline. According to Denisi and Griffin (2005, p.548), decreased loyalty and productivity may be the major demerits of using contingent workers as these people depend on a number of employers to earn income. High training costs is another risk of this employment strategy because contingent professionals are less likely to work for a single organization in the long term. In order to consider contingent work as beneficial and practical, employers’ and employees’ viewpoints and notions of work and career need to be changed. First, employers should understand that contingent workers can contribute significantly to the organizational productivity even if they work for a temporary period. In addition, they should not consider the training costs for contingent workers as non-productive spending. Likewise, employees should not think that contingent workers would threaten their job but identify the supporting role the contingent professionals

DNA & The Judicial System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

DNA & The Judicial System - Essay Example Evolution of DNA technology to solve criminal cases is not a new phenomenon. Media has extensively popularized the concept of DNA technology and its role in the fight against crime and injustice. This extensive coverage is not just for the mere reason that the technology is relatively new in the judicial system, but because of its peculiar accuracy in convicting or exonerating suspects. Legislation has been a major issue in the application of DNA technology. These stem from incessant use of the technology in data banking to using DNA tests in post-conviction tests. Originally, the test was developed solely for determining paternity of children. Samples taken under clinical conditions were studied for genetic evidence linking parents to children. The maiden time DNA technology made its way into the judicial system was in 1986. Police in England asked a molecular biologist and researcher, Alec Jeffreys to use DNA tests to verify the validity of 17 year old boy in two cases of sexual as sault in the English Midlands. The twist in the test results that proved the boy to be innocent of the offenses, and a later conviction of the real perpetrator using the same DNA test made DNA testing a technology to revere in the judicial system. In 1987, the first DNA-based conviction took place in the United States. Tommy Lee was convicted in Circuit Courts, Florida within the Orange County for rape. The DNA test on samples of semen collected from a victim matched his DNA construct. This did not, however, change the public and judicial mindset did not take immediate effect until a high court ruled in favor of DNA test. In 1989, the state high court of West Virginia ruled in favor of DNA sample tests on a rape case.... The DNA test on samples of semen collected from a victim matched his DNA construct. This did not, however, change the public and judicial mindset did not take immediate effect until a high court ruled in favor of DNA test. In 1989, the state high court of West Virginia ruled in favor of DNA sample tests on a rape case (Lazer, 2010). The first years of the ground-breaking use of DNA in administering justice did not attract dispute and public uproar. This, however, changed as the technique became more widely used by prosecutors. Defense attorneys began challenging and disputing the admissibility of DNA tests as grounds of administering justice. Admissibility of a new technology in judicial system is determined using two universally agreed standards. These are the Daubert Standard and the Frye Standard. The first standard of admissibility, Daubert Standard originates from 1993 case of Daubert v Merrel Dow Pharmaceuticals. The court ruled during this famous legal tussle that evidence and proof must possess enough scientific reliability and validity to be admitted as relevant scientific knowledge which would be used to assist the trier of facts (Yang, 2011). The earlier standard named Frye Standard is based in a 1923 case of Frye v United States. During this important ruling, the court pronounced that in order for a novel scientific technology to be admissible, scientific evidence must be thoroughly established to have acquired general acceptance in the field that it belongs. Considering the two standards of admissibility of technology, it would be level-minded to conclude that DNA technology meets the criteria of determining admissibility. The technology belongs to the field of medicine and clinical practices (Ze-Lian & Drew, 2008). Prior to its usage in the

The Precast Concrete Piles Engineering Essay

The Precast Concrete Piles Engineering Essay 2.1 introduction 2.1.1 Introduction of pile Piles are the very common elements in a foundation. Pile foundation have the function that transfer loads from superstructure through through water or through the weak compressible strata, onto rock, less compressible soils or onto stiffer. This type of foundation need to carry uplift loads when it is used to support tall structures. Not only that, it is also to overturning the forces from winds or waves. Thus, piles used in marine structures are also the subjected to lateral loads from the waves and impact of berthing ships. The combinations of horizontal and vertical loads are to carry where the piles are used to support, bridge piers and abutments, retaining walls and machinery foundations. In the late of nineteenth years, reinforced concrete was developed as a structural medium. This is the replacement of timber for high-capacity piling of works into soil on land. This can be precast in structural forms and also suitable for ground conditions and the imposed loading. The durability of pile was satisfactory for immersion conditions and most of the soil. Replacement of the driven of precast concrete of cast in-situ piles had due to most of the development of highly efficient machines. This is for drilling pile boreholes of rock conditions, great depth in wide range of soil and the large diameter of pile than to other deficiency in performance of the precast concrete element. Steel is used to increase when extension for pile due to ability to withstand hard driving, handling, to its ease of fabrication. The corrosion problem in marine structures have had solved by the introduction of cathode protection and durable coatings.(Michael Tomlinson, 2008) 2.1.2 Type of pile 2.1.2.3 displacement piles Precast concrete pile Precast concrete piles have their principal use in marine and river structures, i.e. in situations where the use of driven and cast-in-place piles is impracticable or uneconomical. For land structures unjoint precast concrete piles are frequently more costly than driven and casting- place types for two main reasons: 1. Reinforcement must be provided in the precast concrete pile to withstand the bending and tensile stresses which occur during handling and driving. Once the pile is in the ground, and if mainly compressive loads are carried, the majority of this steel is redundant. 2. The precast concrete pile is not readily cut down or extended to suit variations in the level of the bearing stratum to which the piles are driven. However, there are many situations for land structures where the precast concrete pile can be more economical. Where large numbers of piles are to be installed in easy driving conditions the savings in cost due to the rapidity of driving achieved may outweigh the cost of the heavier reinforcing steel necessary. Reinforcement may be needed in any case to resist bending stresses due to lateral loads or tensile stresses from uplift loads. Where high-capacity piles are to be driven to a hard stratum, savings in the overall quantity of concrete compared with cast-in-place piles can be achieved since higher working stresses can be used. Where piles are to be driven in sulphate-bearing ground or into aggressive industrial waste materials, the provision of sound high-quality dense concrete is ensured. The problem of varying the length of the pile can be overcome by adopting a jointed type. From the above remarks it can be seen that there is still quite a wide range of employment for the precast concrete pile, particularly for projects where the costs of establishing a precasting yard can be spread over a large number of piles. The piles can be designed and manufactured in ordinary reinforced concrete, or in the form of pre-tensioned or post-tensioned prestressed concrete members. The ordinary reinforced concrete pile is likely to be preferred for a project requiring a fairly small number of piles, where the cost of establishing a production line for prestressing work on site is not justifiable and where the site is too far from an established factory to allow the economical transportation of prestressed units from the factory to the site. Precast concrete piles in ordinary reinforced concrete are usually square or hexagonal and of solid cross-section for units of short or moderate length, but for saving weight long piles are usually manufactured with a hollow interior in hexagonal, octagonal, or circular sections. The interiors of the piles can be filled with concrete after driving. This is necessary to avoid bursting where piles are exposed to severe frost action. Alternatively, drainage holes can be provided to prevent water from accumulating in the hollow interior. To avoid excessive flexibility while handling and driving the usual maximum lengths of square section piles, and the range of working loads applicable to each size are shown in table 2.1 . Where piles are designed to carry the applied loads mainly in end-bearing, for example, piles driven through soft clays into medium-dense or dense sands, economies in concrete and reductions in weight for handling can be achieved by providing the piles with an enlarged toe. This is practised widely in the Netherlands where the standard enlargements are 1.5 to 2.5 times the shaft width with a length equal to or greater than the width of the enlargement. Table 2.1 Working loads and maximum lengths for ordinary precast concrete piles of square section Jointed precast concrete piles The disadvantages of having to adjust the lengths of precast concrete piles either by cutting off the surplus or casting on additional lengths to accommodate variations in the depth to a hard bearing stratum will be evident. These drawbacks can be overcome by employing jointed piles in which the adjustments in length can be made by adding or taking away short lengths of pile which are jointed to each other by devices capable of developing the same bending and tensile resistance as the main body of the pile. BS EN 12794 defines pile joints in four classes, Class A to Class D, depending on whether the pile is used in compression, tension, or bending and the impact load test to be applied to verify the static design calculations. If the pile joint satisfies the impact and bending tests then the ultimate capacity of the joint is identical to the calculated static bearing capacity. Annex ZA to this standard deals with the CE marking of foundation pile units and the presumption of fitness for the intended use. The Hercules pile, originally developed in Sweden, is available in the UK from Stent Foundations Ltd in two square sizes with standard lengths of 6.1, 9.2, and 12.2 m, and properties as shown in Table 2.6. C45/55 concrete is normally used. The precast concrete units are locked together by a steel bayonet-type joint to obtain the required bending and tensile resistance and a rock shoe incorporating an Oslo point seating pile into hard rock. A length is chosen for the initial driving which is judged to be suitable for the shallowest predicted penetration in a given area. Additional lengths are locked on if deeper penetrations are necessary, or if very deep penetrations requiring multiples of the standard lengths are necessary. Other types of jointed precast concrete piles include the Centrum pile manufactured and installed by Aarslef Piling in the UK using C40/50 concrete and rigid welded reinforcement cages in varying lengths from 4 to 18 m in square sections from 200 to 600 mm. Lengths greater than 4 m for the 200 and 250 mm sections can be jointed using a single locking pin driven horizontally into locking rings in the joint box (four locking pins for the larger sections), which are designed to provide a degree of pre-tensioning to the typical locking pin joint. Depending on the length, section, and joint used and the ground conditions, working loads up to 1200 kN in compression and 180 kN in tension are possible. RB precast square concrete piles made and installed by Roger Bullivant Ltd are available in four sizes with working load capabilities (depending on ground conditions) from 200 kN for the nominal 150 mm square section to 1200 kN for the 355 mm square pile, in lengths of 1.5, 3, and 4 m. The standard joint for the limited tensile and bending capability is a simple spigot and socket type bonded with epoxy resin with each pile length bedded on a sand/cement mortar. Special joints and pile reinforcement can be provided as needed to resist bending moments and tension forces. Precast concrete piles which consist of units joined together by simple steel end plates with welded butt joints are not always suitable for hard driving conditions, or for driving on to a sloping hard rock surface. Welds made in exposed site conditions with the units held in the leaders of a piling frame may not always be sound. If the welds break due to tension waves set up during driving or to bending caused by any deviation from alignment, the pile may break up into separate units with a complete loss of bearing capacity. This type of damage can occur with keyed or locked joints when the piles are driven heavily, for example, to break through thin layers of dense gravel. The design of the joint is, in fact, a critical factor in the successful employment of these piles, and tests to check bending, tension, and compression capabilities should be carried out for particular applications. However, even joints made from steel castings require accurate contact surfaces to ensure that st ress concentrations are not transferred to the concrete. The Presscore pile developed and installed by Abbey Pynford plc is a jointed precast concrete pile consisting of short units which are jacked into the soil. The concrete in the pile units and precast pile cap is 60 N/mm2 and a reinforcing bar can be placed through the centre of the units of Presscore pile. On reaching the required bearing depth the annulus around the pile is grouted through ports in the units. The use of jacked-in piles for underpinning work is described in Chapter 9. A high strength cylindrical precast pile, 155 mm diameter and 1m long, was developed in Canada for underpinning a 90-year-old building in Regina. The segments were cast using steel fibre reinforced concrete with a 28-day compressive strength of 90 N/mm2 and steel fibre content of 40 kg/m3. Each segment was reinforced with four steel wires (9 mm) welded to a steel wire circumferential coil. Recesses were provided at each end of the segment and stainless steel rods connected each segment to form the joint. Hydraulic jacks with a capacity of 680 kN reacted against a new pile cap and as each segment was jacked down the next segment was screwed and tensioned onto the connecting rod. The required 600 kN pile capacity was achieved at depths ranging from 11 to 13 m. Table 2.2Dimensions and properties of square section Hercules piles as manufactured Driven and cast-in-place displacement piles In the Cementation Foundations Skanska version of the withdrawal tube pile, the heavy wall section tube has its lower end closed by an expendable steel plate or shoe and is driven from the top by a five-tone hydraulic hammer. On reaching the required to level, as predetermined by calculation or as determined by measurements of driving resistance, the hammer is lifted off and a reinforcing cage is lowered down the full length of the tube. A highly workable self-compacting concrete is then placed in the tube through a hopper, followed by raising the tube by a hoist rope operated from the pile frame. The tube may be filled completely with concrete before it is lifted or it may be lifted in stages depending on the risks of the concrete jamming in the tube. The length of the pile is limited by the ability of the rig to pull out the drive tube. This restricts the length to about 20 to 30 m. Pile diameters range from 285 to 525 mm with working loads up to 1500 kN. In a further variation of the Franki technique, the gravel plug (or dry concrete plug) can be hammered out at several intermediate stages of driving to form a shell of compact material around the pile shaft. This technique is used in very soft clays which are liable to squeeze inwards when withdrawing the tube. Composite Franki piles are formed by inserting a precast concrete pile or steel tube into the driving tube and anchoring it to the base concrete plug by light hammer blows. The drive tube is then withdrawn. A full-length reinforcing cage is always advisable in the driven and cast-in-place pile. It acts as a useful tell-tale against possible breaks in the integrity of the pile shaft caused by arching and lifting of the concrete as the tube is withdrawn. BS EN 12699 requires minimum reinforcement of 0.5% of the pile cross-section or four 12 mm diameter bars over the top 4 m of all such piles; with minimum cover of 50 mm where the casing is withdrawn, 75 mm where reinforcement is installed after concreting (or where subject to ground contaminants), and 40 mm where there is permanent lining. The problem of inward squeezing of soft clays and peats or of bulging of the shafts of piles from the pressure of fluid concrete in these soils is common to cast-in-place piles both of the driven and bored types. A method of overcoming this problem is to use a permanent light gauge steel lining tube to the pile shaft. However, great care is needed in withdrawing the drive tube to prevent the permanent liner being lifted with the tube. Even a small amount of lifting can cause transverse cracks in the pile shaft of sufficient width to result in excessive settlement of the pile head under the working load. The problem is particularly difficult in long piles when the flexible lining tube tends to snake and jam in the drive tube. Also where piles are driven in large groups, ground heave can lift the lining tubes off their seating on the unlined portion of the shaft. Snaking and jamming of the permanent liner can be avoided by using spacers such as rings of sponge rubber. In most cases the annulus left outside the permanent liner after pulling the drive tube will not close up. Hence, there will be no frictional resistance available on the lined portion. This can be advantageous because drag down forces in the zone of highly compressible soils and fill materials will be greatly reduced. However, the ability of the pile shaft to carry the working load as a column without lateral support below the pile cap should be checked. Allowable stresses on the shafts of these piles are influenced by the need to use easily workable self-compacting mixes with a slump in the range of 130 to 180 mm and to make allowances for possible imperfections in the concrete placed in unseen conditions. BS EN 12699 for driven displacement piles requires the rules on the concreting of bored piles using self-compacting concrete as recommended in BS EN 1536 to apply to all cast-in-place displacement piles unless otherwise specified. BS 8004 limits the working stress to 25% of the 28-day cube strengths, but BS EN 12699 specifies concrete strength classes of C20/25 to C30/37 which are 25% stronger than the cube strengths usually adopted in the UK under BS 8004, that is, a range of 20-30 N/mm2. EC2-1-1 Clause 3 refers to characteristic cylinder strengths for the determination of design compressive strengths, and if the 25% limit is applied the allowable stresses range from 5 to 7.5 N/mm2 (i.e. similar to the BS 8004 limits, but for the stronger mixes). For these values, allowable loads for piles of various shaft diameters are as shown in the following table: The higher ranges in the above table should be adopted with caution, particularly in difficult ground conditions. Maximum working loads are as shown in the following table: The spacing of bars in the reinforcing cage should give ample space for the flow of concrete through them. Bars of 5 mm diameter in the form of a spiral or flat steel hoops used for lateral reinforcement should not be spaced at centres closer than 100 mm (80 mm when using 20 mm aggregate). Replacement piles Bored and cast-in-place piles In stable ground an unlined hole can be drilled by hand or mechanical auger. If reinforcement is required, a light cage is then placed in the hole, followed by the concrete. In loose or water-bearing soils and in broken rocks casing is needed to support the sides of the borehole, this casing being withdrawn during or after placing the concrete. In stiff to hard clays and in weak rocks an enlarged base can be formed to increase the end-bearing resistance of the piles. The enlargement is formed by a rotating expanding tool. Hand excavation is now uneconomic because of stringent statutory health and safety regulations, even in piles with a large shaft diameter. A sufficient cover of stable fine-grained soil must be left over the top of the enlargement in order to avoid a run of loose or weak soil into the unlined cavity. Bored piles drilled by hand auger are limited in diameter to about 355 mm and in depth to about 5 m. They can be used for light buildings such as dwelling houses, but even for these light structures hand methods are used only in situations where mechanical augers. The versatile, light cable percussion tripod rigs can bore piles up to 600 mm diameter 10 m deep with working loads up to 1200 kN in suitable ground conditions. Temporary casing can be driven to cut off unstable ground and reinforcement inserted prior to concreting. Bored piles drilled by mechanical spiral-plate or bucket augers or by grabbing rigs can drill piles with a shaft diameter up to 7.3 m. Standard plate auger boring tools for use with kelly bar rigs range from 600 to 3650 mm. Rigs with telescopic kelly bars can reach 70 m depth and 102 m exceptionally. Under-reaming tools can form enlarged bases in stable soils up to 7.3 m in diameter. Rotary drilling equipment consisting of drill heads with multiple rock roller bits have been manufactured for drilling shafts up to 8 m in diameter. In a stable dry bore, concreting is carried out from a hopper over the pile with a short length of pipe to direct flow into the centre of the reinforcement, ensuring that segregation does not occur. When concreting boreholes under flooded conditions or under stabilizing fluid a full length tremie pipe (6 times the maximum diameter of the aggregate or 150 mm diameter whichever is the greater) is essential. For reasons of economy and the need to develop shaft friction, it is the normal practice to withdraw the casing during or after placing the concrete. As in the case of driven and cast-in-place piles this procedure requires care and conscientious workmanship by the operatives in order to prevent the concrete being lifted by the casing, and resulting in voids in the shaft or inclusions of collapsed soil. Reinforcement is not always needed in bored and cast-in-place piles unless uplift loads are to be carried (uplift may occur due to the swelling and shrinkage of clays). Reinforcement may also be needed in the upper part of the shaft to withstand bending moments caused by any eccentricity in the application of the load, or by bending moments transmitted from the ground beams. However, it is often a wise precaution to use a full-length reinforcing cage in piles where temporary support by casing is required over the whole pile depth. The cage acts as a warning against the concrete lifting as the casing is extracted. The need to allow ample space between the bars for the flow of concrete is again emphasized. 2.2 Procedure of driving precast pile and cast in-situ pile. 2.2.1 Driving precast concrete piles A helmet for precast concrete piles are carefully centered on the pile, and the hammer position should be checked to ensure that it delivers a concentric blow. The hammer should preferably weigh not less than the pile. BS 8004 requires that the weight or power of the hammer should be sufficient to ensure a final penetration of about 5 mm per blow unless rock has been reached. Damage to the pile can be avoided by using the heaviest possible hammer and limiting the stroke. BS 8004 states that the stroke of a single-acting or drop hammer should be limited to 1.2 m and preferably to not more than 1 m. The Swedish piling code requires a drop hammer to weigh at least 3 tonne, except that 2-tonne hammers can be used for piles with a maximum length of 10 m and a maximum load of 450 kN, but a 4-tonne hammer should be used for long piles in compact materials. This code recommends that the drop of the hammer should be limited to 300 to 400 mm in soft or loose soils to avoid damage by tensile stresses. The drop should be limited to 300 mm when driving through compact granular soils. The driving of the piles should be carefully watched, and binding by toggle bolts due to the pile rotating or moving off line should be eased. The drop of the hammer should be reduced if cracking occurs, and if necessary the hammer should be changed for a heavier one. After the completion of driving the pile heads should be prepared for bonding into the pile caps. Hollow piles with a solid end may burst under the impact of the hammer if they become full of water, and holes should therefore be provided to drain off accumulated water. Where a soil plug is formed at the toe of an open-ended pile, water accumulation or arching of the soil within the pile may also result in bursting during driving. The installation of withdrawable-tube types of driven and cast-in-place piles

Comparing Moby Dick, Ahabs Wife and Diary :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

A Comparison of Moby Dick, Ahab's Wife and Diary A story is composed of many parts, some necessary and some to add meaning. What are necessary are characters, a setting, a conflict, and a resolution. To add meaning an author may include complicated histories to their characters' lives, underlying themes, value within the setting, and surprising twists within the conflicts and resolutions. Because this outline is generally used throughout fictional stories, many, even if written in completely different genres and time periods, are alike and can be compared. This is because through technological and social changes, themes such as man vs. man, man vs. himself, man vs. nature, and man vs. society remain constant. Newer authors such as Chuck Palahniuk are considered post modern; he must create art in a world where everything that could possibly be original has already been created. Therefore he is expected to take what has been done and make it better. Thus, he combines themes from Moby Dick and Ahab's Wife to make Diary. Herman Melvill e wrote Moby Dick in the nineteenth century to narrate a story of a man who battles the world in search of himself. It is hinted that he left a wife behind and selfishly sacrifices his fellow humans because he can only see his one goal: capturing the white whale. Sena Jeter Naslund took the idea that Ahab had a wife and created Ahab's Wife (1999), which gives birth to many characters and similar themes. Most of this novel details Una's life before she met Ahab, but also includes her absent husband a great deal and illustrated their relationship while he is present as well as after he leaves. In both novels the inner turmoil of man dominates, creating similar backgrounds, lives, and goals for both Ahab and his wife Una. Chuck Palahniuk, a nouveaux shock fiction writer, also writes with man vs. himself (sometimes literally), man vs. society, and man vs. nature permeated throughout in order to create his novels. By combining character traits, settings, conflicts, and resolutions, one c an easily understand how, though the world has evolved, the underlying themes of fiction have not. Within the plots of the three novels there are many similarities. Diary is a fictional story written as a series of diary entries. Misty is keeping this diary as suggested by her comatose husband's mother; "It's what sailors and their wives used to do .

Integrated Pest Management Strategies In Zanzibar Environmental Sciences Essay

Integrated Pest Management ( IPM ) was adopted by Plant Protection Division of the Ministry of Agriculture, Zanzibar to better agricultural production on major harvests ( rice, banana, manioc and veggies ) at little graduated table agriculture system. The multi-disciplinary group of IPM facilitators created consciousness to husbandmans by carry oning seminars, workshops and treatments. The IPM groups were formed through Participatory Rapid Rural Appraisal ( PRRA ) . PRRA was besides used to place jobs and developing demands. Farmer field School attack was introduced utilizing the version of the methodological analysis adapted from South East Asiatic Ecosystem. Farmers were empowered on environmentally sound patterns such as disease free planting stuffs certified seeds, botanical control, etc. On-farm tests within Participatory Action Research ( PAR ) was besides conducted by participatory engineering development method. A sum of 52 husbandmans ‘ groups affecting 1,038 husbandma ns ( 549 males and 489 females ) have been trained. There was a output addition for all the harvests with the acceptance of IPM pattern, irrigated rice was from 2.2 – 4.4 tons/ha, rainfed rice 2.3 – 3.4 tons/ha, tomato 9.5 – 33.7 tons/ha, amaranthus 4.2 – 11.7 tons/ha, bananas 11.3 – 17.6 tons/ha, and cassava 15.9 – 33.6 tons/ha. The consequences had a good impact in footings of acceptance of engineerings by the IPPM husbandmans and the adjacent husbandmans. 1. Introduction More than 90 % of husbandmans in Zanzibar are resource-poor with no entree of input or recognition ( Abubakar, 2005 ) . They depend on subsistence agribusiness for their support, traditionally the cropping system is on little graduated table farms averaging 3 estates ( 1.2 hour angle. ) of cultivable land and really complex. Rice was ranked an of import basic nutrient harvest followed by bananas and manioc ( Saleh, 2007 ) . Vegetables are considered as a hard currency harvest instead than nutrient harvest. Farming is being practiced is all over the island due to its adapatation to diverse dirt and environmental conditions. As a monocrop, rice is grown in paddy countries whereas veggies, manioc and banana were largely grown on infertile dirts or as an intercrop with sweet murphy, yams or lasting trees such as cloves and coconuts. This pattern serves several intents such as guaranting nutrient security, optimum usage of dirt and infinite, eroding control and weed direction. Food securi ty is unstable due to rapid population growing of 3.1 % ( Mzee, 2000 ) , economic growing is deficient to maintain up with population growing. Most of the local cultivars were abandoned, their disappearing was linked with low opposition to plagues and diseases, drouth emphasis, market demand. The overall tendency in production has been diminishing due to figure of factors, depletion of dirt foods, population force per unit area. Output losingss caused by plague and diseases can be up to 80 % . This has forced husbandmans to increase the production by increasing land area. However the mean output is still really low of 2-7t/ha. In response to these agro ecological and socio economic jobs, alternate production systems were tested e.g. pesticide application, usage of chemical fertilisers, but resource hapless husbandmans can non afford them unless they get subsidies from the authorities. Therefore, to achieve an addition in nutrient production for the betterment of rural support, schemes for environmentally safe pest control steps have to be adopted. The schemes could be developed based on a thorough cognition of traditional cultural control methods or IPM. Integrated Pest Management seem to be the best attack to increase production and lessening poorness in Zanzibar An Integrated Pest Management ( IPM ) attack was adopted to cut down plague job and inordinate usage of pesticides ( Sharma et al. 2009 ) . The Farmer Field School ( FFS ) attack, a theoretical account for IPM plan worldwide, with dramatic consequences in South East Asia ( Erbaugh et al, 2002 ) was besides adopted. Plant Protection division with its authorization on harvest protection issue in Zanzibar implemented IPM on four harvests ( rice, banana, veggies and manioc ) . 2.0 The aim of presenting IPM plan was: To authorise husbandmans with the capacity to detect innovate or make solutions to their ain restraints instead than anticipating external inputs from the authorities. To increase production by developing farming engineerings utilizing locally available resources. To increase nutrient security and income of the rural support, therefore relieving poorness. 3.0 Methodologies Workshops/Seminars to make awareness to policy shapers, caputs of sections field agribusiness officers and husbandman. Multi-disciplinary squads of group of facilitators were formed dwelling members from different specialisation of agribusiness in the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Environment. Participatory Rapid Rural Appraisal ( PRRA ) was conducted to set up baseline information on husbandmans autochthonal cognition, jobs encountered. The activities employed were: Meetings, the first meeting discussed the aims and why work on participatory mode. Semi Structured Interview ( SSI ) : was based on checklist from which the inquiries were addressed to husbandmans to beg their responses. Individual interviews were besides conducted. The information collected from different sources was used for comparing the information to avoid confusion. Transect walk was made across the small town. The intent was to introduce the group with the farming system of the country, agro ecological state of affairs and socio-cultural feature of the people. Group Discussions: The group treatments were conducted after the single interview. Findingss and information were gathered presented and discussed. Training and Participatory treatments: A program of action was formulated based on jobs and developing demands identified during the PRRA. Training was done through treatments affecting relevant capable affair specializer ( SMS ) . Some subjects were covered when demand arises. Farmer Field School Approach ( FFS ) : FFS was adopted with the constitution to FFS, the construct of holistic attack was practiced without being restricted to the control of plagues and diseases. The rules followed were to turn healthy harvest, monitor field sporadically, analyze the agro-ecosystem ( AESA ) and do on-farm tests. 4.0 Consequences 4.1 Problem Designation The major jobs identified were from 4 major harvests. The general jobs for all 4 harvests were hapless harvest direction, usage of morbid seeds and seting stuffs, depletion of dirt foods, uninterrupted cropping on the same land on verifying SSI and ranking methodological analysis on participatory treatment ; the chief restraints became ; ( I ) plagues and diseases ( two ) hapless dirt birthrate ( three ) inaccessibility of seeds ( four ) deficiency of proficient cognize how. For rice really few plagues were present and the staying insects were natural enemies which does non hold any loss ; the major jobs were soil birthrate and harvest direction. Nematodes, banana weevils and black sigatoka were the job for banana. High figure of plagues were present in vegetable Fieldss but the of import 1s were African bollworms, fusarium wilt and bacterial wilt which is a large restraint. Cassava brown Streak Disease ( CBSD ) and Cassava Mosaic Virus ( CMV ) for manioc 4.2 Depletion of Soil Foods The diminution of harvest output was a effect of increased food emphasis which might hold been resulted in harvest susceptibleness of plagues onslaught and cut down capacity to retrieve from plague harm ( Spittel. 1997 ) . Farmers claimed hapless output was caused by uninterrupted cropping, and some of them is due to planetary heating, dirt eroding and scarceness of rains. Most of the husbandmans did non precisely describe the restraints of hapless oil birthrate. To verify, if the premise was right, dirt samples were collected indiscriminately at a deepness of 25 centimeters and exhaustively assorted. They were sent for analysis at Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro in 2007. The consequence of the Soil Analysis is as follows: 3.6 % organic affair, pH ( H20 ) 4.7, 0.06 % entire N, 0.36 meq/100g of Exch base 3.8meq/100g available P ( Brays PI ) and textural category of flaxen clay ( Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2007 ) . In all dirt pH, the organic affair content, N content and available phosphoric were really low. Even cassava and banana grows good at pH 6.0 aa‚ ¬ † 7.5.Low pH may take to toxicity particularly for rice and veggies ( Spittel, 1997 ) . Therefore together with husbandmans, it was decided to better dirt birthrate through harvest farming. 4.3 Prioritization The tools for prioritization were semi-structured interview, ranking ( matrix pairwise ) and seasonal calendar. The husbandman group identified its restraints and restrictions. In nutrient harvest ranking, all the four harvests were of import since intercropping is the methodological analysis practiced by resource hapless husbandmans in Zanzibar. In group treatments, SSI consequences and matrix, the jobs were ranked harmonizing to their importance. The ranking was: ( I ) depletion of dirt foods ( two ) deficit of certified planting stuffs. ( three ) plague and disease ( CBSD for manioc, banana weevils for banana, fusarium wilt for veggies and inordinate usage of pesticides for rice ) 4.4. Community Training and Participatory Discussion The preparation plan was focused on restraints identified by husbandmans. They were trained and empowered on different attacks of deciding by choosing options which they thought would be appropriate in their vicinity. Planning was done with engagement of the husbandmans The community were empowered on recommended agricultural patterns, e.g. Compost readying, Agriculture Ecosystem Analysis ( AESA ) , usage of biopesticides for control of plague and disease, biofertilizers to increase birthrate and other demand driven preparation. It was conducted during the cropping season to synchronise with the activities For most of the jobs, harvest direction was found to be the best option. On-farm Tests were conducted on ; Banana Technology Transfer Trial. The consequence of paring banana corm on nematode direction and the consequence of pin downing on weevil direction. For banana sigatoka disease, the engineering adopted were the usage of tolerant cultivars and field hygiene. For CBSD, on farm tests were conducted on tolerant cultivars therefore, Mahonda, Kizimbani etc. , For Fusarium Wilt, the usage of tolerant cultivars eg. Salma, tegeru 99 was adopted. Other tests were on Cultivar Trial: Tests were conducted on seting several assortments improved, local, septic and non septic cultivars. It someway convinced husbandmans that were no symptoms on improved cultivars. 4.5. Farmer Field School ( FFS ) Plant Protection Division has been authorising staff and husbandmans through preparation to implement IPM-FFS in sustainable mode. The methodological analysiss adopted from were from West African and South East Asia Ecosystem of FAO. This attack should suit the subsistence and multi-cropping systems of Zanzibar husbandmans. The aim of FFS to authorise husbandmans to cut down the cost of production and maximise net income ( net returns ) , usage of farm inputs judiciously and seasonably, protect harvest production environment and minimise wellness jeopardies caused by inordinate usage of pesticides. At the FFS, the four cardinal rules: turning a wellness harvest, supervising Fieldss on a regular basis, conserving natural enemies, and doing husbandmans IPM experts were emphasized. Farmers were facilitated to pull off their Fieldss through regular observations, conduct on-farm participatory tests and finally made rational determinations about pull offing their Fieldss. The methodological analysiss of developing husbandmans at the IPM agriculture system was season long and it involved Agro-Ecosystem Analysis ( AESA ) , Participatory Action Research ( PAR ) and Particular Topics, Group kineticss and Evaluation. The ultimate purpose of this attack was the authorization of husbandmans to do appropriate determinations as to like an expert pull off their field jobs. Therefore Participatory Technology Development ( PTD ) which is the result of Participatory Action Research ( PAR ) which is a research conducted together with husbandmans on work outing field jobs. This was promoted by on-farm tests by proving tolerant assortments, harvest direction and betterment of dirt birthrate. The consequences were evaluated and empowered for acceptance if they were assuring. 5.0 Development of IPM During the formation of FFS, an rating was done sing the acceptance of IPM activities. The restrictions identified were: South East Asia Approach: IPM in S.E. Asia started to antagonize the indiscriminate usage of pesticides and pest revival in green revolution agribusiness ( Van de Fliert, 2006 ) . For the agrarian state of affairs in Zanzibar, husbandmans were barely utilizing any pesticides, and the farming systems was characterized by small-scale husbandmans wilt low dirt birthrate, plague and disease and socio-economic position. The IPM Program should see the facet of Crop production and betterment of harvest through different agriculture patterns. Therefore, the attack should be an integrated harvest direction ( ICM ) instead than IPM because of its holistic nature. The FFS attack of hebdomadal IPM preparation session was non really attractive for some harvests ( banana and manioc ) . It appeared that husbandmans of high-value harvests such as rice and veggies were more enthusiastic than banana and manioc husbandmans ( Van Huis and Meerman 1997 ) . Facilitation accomplishments: At the beginning of IPM development in other developing states, hapless acceptance activities were observed due to miss of preparation in facilitation accomplishments in managing and developing IPM bundles ( Alteiri 2000 ; Morse and buhler, 1997 ) . In Zanzibar, most of the facilitators were research workers or harvest production specializers with few extensionist. There was a demand for preparation, facilitation, participatory and socio-economic issues to hold effectual attacks. Consequently, this will better the acquisition capacity of husbandmans and determination shapers ( Van de Fliert, 2006 ) . Most of the members of husbandmans group were semi-illiterate. The techniques introduced did non affect active engagement by husbandmans. To guarantee acceptance, husbandmans should take part and understand the aim of on-farm tests. How of all time, it may be necessary to transport out on-station tests as the thought should be obtained about the potency of a certain pattern before presenting it to the husbandmans, peculiarly when the result is unsure ( Van Huis and Meerman, 1997 ) . Farmers outlook and Committednesss: The group consisted of 20 husbandmans at the initial phase, but 10 husbandmans remain after a twelvemonth. Follow-up was done by examining from their fellow husbandmans. The 10 husbandmans drop out because their outlooks were non met, though breast was clearly explained prior. There were few influential husbandmans who influenced the attitude of other husbandmans. However the attitude of staying husbandmans was cohesive and really participatory during execution. 6.0 Accomplishments With this attack husbandmans were empowered by agro eco system analysis to be the determination shapers, by being advanced and create solutions in their Fieldss. The production was increased by following participatory engineering development ( PTD ) . Hence there will be possible to increase nutrient security and income of the rural support, therefore relieving poorness. The advancement have been observed through different facets ; coaction is multi disciplinary, husbandmans were organized, committed and participatory. Furthermore, there is a considerable betterment of their cognition. A sum of 52 husbandmans group with 1,038 husbandmans ( 549 males and 489 females ) have been trained. A sum of 52 FFS were run, 26 in Unguja and 26 Pemba as planned. Crops covered were irrigated rice 14 FFS ( Unguja 8 and Pemba 6 ) , rainfed rice 8 FFS ( Unguja 4 and Pemba 4 ) , vegetables 6 FFS ( Unguja 4 and Pemba 2 ) , bananas 13 FFS ( Unguja 5 and Pemba 8 ) and cassava 11 FFS ( Unguja 5 and Pemba 6 ) . A considerable output addition for all the harvests has been achieved with IPM pattern compared to husbandmans pattern. For illustration, output addition for irrigated rice was from 2.2-4.4 tons/ha, rainfed rice 2.3-3.4 tons/ha, tomato 9.5-33.7 tons/ha, amaranthus 4.2-11.7 tons/ha, bananas 11.3-17.6 tons/ha, and cassava 15.9-33.6 tons/ha ( see Table 1 ) . The consequences were promising had a good impact in footings of acceptance of engineerings involved by the IPM husbandmans every bit good as some of the adjacent husbandmans outside IPM plan. Table 1: FARMER FIELD SCHOOL STUDY PLOTS FOR MAJOR CROPS ( IPM and Farmersaa‚ ¬a„? pattern ) Crop Farmersaa‚ ¬a„? Practice ( tons/ hour angle ) IPM Practice ( tons/ hour angle ) Addition in output( % )1. Irrigated rice 2.2 4.4 100 % 2. Rainfed rice Katrin BKN aa‚ ¬ † Supa Supa Subang 1.9 1.1 2.0 2.7 3.0 1.5 2.4 3.7 57.9 % 36.4 % 20 % 37 % 3.Vegetables – Tomatos 9.5 33.7 254.7 % – Amaranthus 4.2 ( 8,333 Bunches ) 11.7 ( 23,333 Bunches ) 180 % 4. Banana – Mtwike 11.3 17.6 55.8 % – Mzuzu 7.8 16.5 111.5 % – Mkono mmoja 14.3 15.6 9.1 % – Pukusa 13.1 13.6 3.8 % 5. Cassava – Kibiriti mweusi 18.5 31.3 69.2 % Decision IPM is a focal point in research and extension attack, it has been good developed in the past decennaries. IPM was foremost developed into conventional, top-down extension activities with its purpose of acceptance of inputs or recommendation. But, it had a low degree of success ( Bruin & A ; Meerman, 2001 ) . Traditionally, IPM was being practiced by resource-poor husbandmans before the term existed. The debut of pesticides displaced old incorporate pest control attacks ( Van de Fliert, 2003 ) . However, Zanzibar husbandmans do non utilize big sum of pesticides because they can non afford expensive pesticides, unless subsidized by the authorities. The recent developments of IPM seem extremely applicable to all facets of sustainable agribusiness. We need to concentrate what is accomplishable under the husbandman fortunes instead than what is technically perfect. IPM had a really successful history in footings of its acceptance by husbandmans from S.E. Asiatic states, with limited succ ess of acceptance among African husbandmans ( Van Huis, 2009 ) . IPM is site and status specific The S.E. Asia theoretical account could non be an adoptable bundle in Zanzibar since the jobs were different, such as socio-economic state of affairs and the type of farming system. The acceptance was on socio-economic and ecological parametric quantities associated with rules and development of IPM. The manner forward is to follow the engineering developed at community degree for long term footing. FFS is a good starting point for the development of sustainable agricultural system Recognitions Many thanks to Strengthening Plant Protection Division Project of Zanzibar for back uping and advancing this plan, Commissioner of Agriculture Mr. M.R. Said for the encouragement and counsel. I am profoundly indebted to husbandmans, IPM group for their priceless aid and coaction for the work making this phase, non burying Omar for his great aid while fixing this paper.

Developmental Psychology

Developmental Psychology Free Online Research Papers The Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget (1896–1980) developed his theory of genetic epistemology throughout a nearly 60-year career as a professor and experimental researcher. Before he was 30 years of age, he was world renowned for his explorations of the cognitive development of children. Piaget is credited with fundimental contributions to the disciplines of child psychology, educational psychology, and, most famously, his cognitive development theory. Piagets experimental studies of infants, children, and adolescents provided insight into the nature of knowledge and how it is acquired. He took childrens thinking seriously and respected them as the architects of their own intellectual development. Piagets child-centered research and observations of infants and children led him to the discovery that children think in different ways than adults as they progress through four distinct stages of development. Sensory-motor stage (birth to about 2 years): Infants rely on their senses to understand the world around them. Preoperational stage (about 2 to 7 years): Pre-school children develop an increased capacity for symbolic thinking and the use of language and images. Concrete-operational stage (about 7 to 11 years): Children think logically and begin to see the world from others perspective. Formal operational stage (age 11 to adult): Hypothetical and abstract reasoning with systematic problem solving and abstract thinking. The formal operational stage begins at approximately age eleven to and lasts into adulthood. During this time, people develop the ability to think about abstract concepts. Skills such as logical thought, deductive reasoning, and systematic planning also emerge during this stage. Piaget believed that deductive logic becomes apparent during the formal operational stage. Deductive logic requires the ability to use a general principle to determine a specific outcome. This type of thinking involves hypothetical situations and is often required in science and mathematics. While children tend to think very concretely and specifically in earlier stages, the ability to think about abstract concepts emerges during the formal operational stage. Instead of relying solely on previous experiences, children begin to consider possible outcomes and consequences of actions. This type of thinking is important in long-term planning. In earlier stages, children used trial-and-error to solve problems. Dur ing the formal operational stage, the ability to systematically solve a problem in a logical and methodical way emerges. Children at the formal operational stage of cognitive development are often able to quickly plan an organized approach to solving a problem and have abstract thoughts. During the formal operational stage, the child goes through dramatic changes concerning his or her physiological and psychological state. During their course of development, adolescents face various developmental challenges and conflicts. These challenges need to resolve in order to move forward through their development. Hence, adolescence is a transitional period, where an individual goes from childhood to full maturity. Adolescents change cognitively in terms of the way that they think about social matters. Adolescent Egocentrism governs the way that adolescents think about social matters and is the heightened self-consciousness. This self awareness is reflected in their sense of personal uniqueness. Adolescent Egocentrism can be dissected into two types of social thinking: imaginary audience that involves attention getting behavior, and personal fable which involves an adolescents sense of personal uniqueness and invincibility, among others. The world renowned psychiatrist, Erik Erikson, presented the eight stages of emotional development which compliments Piaget’s theory. He stated that in the stage of adolescence (which he calls Identity vs. Role Confusion) the child learns how to answer satisfactorily and happily the question of Who am I? But even the best adjusted of adolescents experiences some role identity confusion. For instance, most teens experiment with minor delinquency, rebellious behavior, and self – doubting thoughts. Love, trust and authority can be the factors which decide what an adolescent’s personality and emotional development will be. The nature of love, and how the capacity to love develops, has become the subject of scientific study over the last decade. It has great implication for child development. Scientists have found that in addition to shaping the brains of infants, a mothers love acts as a guide for love itself. It has far reaching effects on her childs development and ability to love throughout life. However, what is less obvious is that a parent’s love is equally, if not more important for a child during adolescence. Although parents normally remain an important source of guidance and support, part of the adolescents struggle is to work toward independence from them. Thus adolescents continue to rely on their parents for material support and instrumental rewards, normally respecting their ideals as sources of continuity and stability. They are less likely, however, to see their parents as helpful in developing their views on present and future issues. For their part, parents generally feel an ob ligation to â€Å"socialize their adolescents properly by choosing their friends and placing them in certain groups and, hence, tend to be judgmental as their adolescent children explore different directions. Therefore, close friendships, because they involve non-judgmental yet caring equals, help the adolescent develop a sense of identity by offering a climate of growth and self-knowledge that the family may not be equipped for. In Tanach we see such a strong friendship in David and Yonasan. Although Yonasan was defying his father by seeing David, their bond was too strong to break. When it came to choosing between obeying his father and saving David’s life, Yonasan chose to save David, even though it meant facing his father’s angry wrath afterward. Their friendship had meant to much to him. Trust is another important aspect in an adolescent’s life. They need to trust, and be trusted. If a teen feels like they aren’t being trusted they may rebel. A study was done to see a pre-teen’s trust in their parents and the results showed that early and middle adolescents were willing to depend on mothers and fathers. However, with increasing age, adolescents were less likely to share private thoughts, feelings, and secrets with parents. While daughters and sons were similar in their willingness to depend on parents, daughters reported sharing confidences more with mothers and less with fathers. This is unlike the son’s whose preference was the father. Contrary to expectations, adolescents trust in best friends did not vary with age, but females reported greater trust in friends than did males. In Judaism, trust plays a major role. Emunah, trust in our G-d, trust in our rabbis and teachers, trust in our parents, and trust between peers is what makes someone a better person. If one does not place his trust in people, then he will have a hard time in life and always be looking behind his back to see what someone is doing. Trust is one of the keys to a happy and healthy life. The famous story of Peter, the boy who ‘cried wolf’ is a well known example of an adolescent taking advantage and misusing given trust. He had the trust of the townspeople until he used it up and no one wanted to help him when he really needed it. As a child enters adolescence, perhaps due to the fact that logical and abstract reasoning skills increase, and there is also a greater tendency to question authority. Also adolescents test the limits of new adult roles because they feel as if they don’t fit in with the younger children anymore, and need to prove to the adults that they are â€Å"just like them†. At this time, emotional adaptation becomes necessary for both adolescents and their parents. Authority is also a big factor in the Jewish outlook on life. We have the authority of rabbis and parents which we must accept, and of course, it all stems from our submission to the will of Hashem. There’s a story about a man who didn’t listen to his rabbanim, and as a result, the people in his town did not want to accept him into their circles. They ignored him and his life was becoming increasingly difficult. After a while, this man realized that he could not go on without the support of his peers, and he knew that they were right for not befriending him. He understood that in order to live a decent life, one must accept authority. Once he was able to mend his ways he became reaccepted and lived a happy life. Jean Piaget’s cognitive development theory not only describes perfectly what is going on in each child’s brain as they grow and develop but it also pays tribute to the psychologist Erikson, whose theory compliments Piaget’s. Most theories on development stem from Piaget’s original theory. Love, trust and authority may not be written straight out in his texts, but somewhere along the lines, Piaget knew what comes into play in the development of a child and that those three factors are definitely important to a healthy development. ? Sources 1] E-Notes.com: enotes.com/psychology-theories/piaget-jean 2] Psychology today – Psychological journal: http://psychology.about.com/od/piagetstheory/p/formaloperation.htm 3] Associated Content.com : associatedcontent.com/article/365045/physical_and_social_development_of.html 4] Wikipedia-online encyclopedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_cognitive_development 5] Looking Forward Through the Lifespan by K. Peterson Research Papers on Developmental PsychologyEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThree Concepts of PsychodynamicInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andResearch Process Part OneOpen Architechture a white paperComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Spring and Autumn

Super Bowl Slang Get It Right!

Super Bowl Slang Get It Right! Football has a language of it’s own, and not knowing it can make you feel like an alien from another planet. Fortunately, you’ve been around long enough to know what a touchdown looks like, what happens when a QB gets sacked, or how to recognize the â€Å"snap.† Instead of Football Terminology for Dummies, you need a specific set of new vocabulary to get you prepared for Superbowl 49. That way, you’ll know exactly what’s going on when the Patsies and the Seachickens have their final showdown. Blitz This is when the defense of a team sends an angry mob after the quarterback. Teams that tend to stack the line of scrimmage with rush linebackers instead of defensive players may be looking to aggressively blitz. This is also called â€Å"The Psycho Defense.† Goal Line Stand This happens when the defense continually stops the offense just before it gets into the end zone. The goal is to hold the offensive team and get them to waste their downs to force a turnover. Hail Mary This is the â€Å"miracle play† that dreams (and dollars) are made of. It’s a long, desperate pass by the QB to a player at the other end of the field. It doesn’t work very often, but when it does, your mind is blown away by sheer awesomeness. Pick Six When the offensive team throws a pass that is intercepted and then taken downfield by the defending team for a touchdown. This is a completely exhilarating play, unless you’re on the offensive team. Then, it’s just embarrassing. Sam, Mike, Will Every team will have these guys as players, even though they’ll never show up on the roster. These are all names for typical player positions on the field, and are derived from the initials of the position. In a 4-3 alignment, with four lineman in the front and three behind, the strong-lined linebacker is Sam, the middle linebacker is Mike, and the weak-lined linebacker is Will. Leo/Elephant Similar to Sam, Will, and Mike, this is a position on the field, although it is not necessarily a linebacker or defensive position specifically. It is derived from the terms â€Å"linebacker† and â€Å"end,† and the organization of the letters specify when the position is more defensive or offensive. Jack This, too, is a moniker for a player position, although it is not truly specified. The Jack, or â€Å"jack of all trades,† is a surprise position, usually not revealed as defensive or offensive until the play is in motion. Deflategate Following the AFC championship game between the New England Patriots and Indianapolis Colts, NFL referees investigated a tip that some of the game balls had been deflated by the Patriots. This is a violation of the NFL rule that requires balls to be inflated between 12.5 and 13.5 pounds per square inch. Eleven of the 12 balls used during the game were found to be underinflated, potentially giving the Pats an edge over the competition. Legion Of Boom Due to the hard-hitting nature of the Seattle Seahawks defense, they have been dubbed by sports aficionados as the â€Å"Legion of Boom.† Members include all defensive backs, including Richard Sherman, Kam Chancellor, Earl Thomas, Byron Maxwell, and Brandon Browner. Evil Empire This is a derogatory term in reference to the New England Patriots, especially in light of Coach Bill Bellichick’s â€Å"Spygate† scandal, which led to a $25,000 fine for his illegal taping of opponents’ plays. Bellichick’s consistent wearing of hoodies during games added to the effect, giving him the nickname of â€Å"Emperor Bellichick,† the evil lord of the Patriot Empire. Gronk Spike, The Gronk New England Patriot player, Rob Gronkowski, is known for his violent treatment of a football once it’s in the end zone. In fact, Gronkowski claims that his excessive force is one of the reasons why Deflategate occurred, tweeting a meme, â€Å"Warning: Gronking may cause deflation.† Patsies This is the favored slur for the Patriots when the team is not playing very well. Others include the Evil Empire, Homeland Defense, Tea Men, Pattycakes, and Patties. Seagulls This is the favored slur for the Seahawks when the team is not playing very well. Others include Seachickens, Cheesehawks, Seahacks, and Water Rats. Tom Terrific A nickname given to Tom Brady due to his impressive history of amazing game-play: 3 Super Bowls, 2 League MVPs, 2 Super Bowl MVPs and the regular season record for passing touchdowns. Superbowl 49 will be his sixth. Beast Mode Marshawn Terrell Lynch is a running back for the Seahawks, and one of the most aggressive running players in the league. He is nicknamed â€Å"Beast Mode† due to his ability to break tackles and bones alike. The 12th Man, or The 12s This is a nickname give to the Seahawk fans because of their ability to scream so loudly they often cause the offensive lineman to false start. They are such a huge part of the Seahawks’ success, supporting the 11 field men so passionately, that they have been dubbed â€Å"The 12th Man.† The Seahawks retired the number 12 jersey in 1984 in appreciation of their fans.

Maritime Manegement 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Maritime Manegement 1 - Essay Example These psychological effects lead to unproductive behavior, lack of cooperation and greater resistance. Various psychological effects are experienced at different levels by the employees of an organization whenever a significant change management program is introduced. This determines the levels of resistance expressed and how fast they cope with the changes. Feeling of shock and denial are the first psychological effects that employees of an organization whenever changes are introduced. This hits them immediately the change is announced. The employees become curious of how the change will affect them, their working hours and benefits. At this stage, they do not want to hear of other information for fear of sad news. According to Carin (2004), anger, sadness and resentment are experienced and expressed as a reaction to the changes. Employees express feelings of unfairness. They feel that the organization ‘should not have done that to them’ especially if they were not informed of the expected changes. Employees who are adversely affected may go through a period of tearfulness. Production at his time is low because employees keep discussing the issue amongst themselves. Feelings of anxiety and confusion hit the employees at such a time. This is because the employees do not know what lies ahead of them and how they will be affected as individuals and work units. An atmosphere of ambiguity is created. As a result of ambiguity, people resort to being self-protective/defensive, distrust and withdrawal. A change management program may present tension among the employees of the organization undergoing changes. The employees withdraw to themselves such that they do not talk to the management or even one another. This makes it hard for the organization to run smoothly. Such stress may lead to headaches and increased blood pressure among the employees. Some resort to absenteeism while others resort to increased

Mens Health Magazine Research Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Mens Health Magazine Research - Case Study Example This cause may be based on observed phenomena that are directly or indirectly related to the deteriorating status of Americans' health. The next step is to establish a hypothesis to rationalize some feature of the observations (Hopper, K., 2008). Again, as far as hypothesis is concerned, the magazine's review has enough reason to speculate that children's overall health is parallel to the general lifestyle of its environment, either sanctioned by the government or common customs. The magazine has enough reasons to suspect that comparing cities' lifestyles would determine the status of children's health in these cities. The last step of the scientific method is to meticulously test the hypothesis (Hopper, K., 2008). Keep in mind that hypotheses cannot be proven (Samdahl, D. M., 1997). One can only fail to refute it. As early as now, one may actually say that Men's Health Magazine's review on the fittest and fattest cities for kids is a theory that is neither proven nor unproven. Facts about this statement will be discussed below. As a requirement, scientific method eliminates a hypothesis if tests constantly contradict the prediction. A hypothesis is only as valuable as its capacity to consistently forecast test outcomes no matter how great a hypothesis sounds. One should also remember that a hypothesis or prediction is not important if it is not testable and quantitative (Samdahl, D. M., 1997). Men's Health Magazine's theory is valid, quantitative, and testable. However, scientific method was not used quantifying and testing the publication's theory. The results are also not reliable and tend to change with a little addition or subtraction of the original data gathered. Men Health Magazine's review was based on these collected data: report by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, reports by the American Heart Association and the National Association for Sport and Physical Education, statistics of winners of the President's Challenge, statistics by the CDC and Claritas, statistics by Economic Census, and the magazine's survey on the amount of fast food consumed within a month (Colleti, J., 2007). All these were quantitative researches on adults' lifestyle --- their exercise habits and eating habits --- and percentage of overweight adult population. Other data collected were reports on the number of fast-food restaurants per capita and sports activities (Colleti, J., 2007) offered to each child. A quantitative type of research would have been sufficient for this review except for the fact that all data gathered were mostly reports on adults' lifestyle. It is like judging a building based on the engineer, without consideration to other essential factors such as the owner's budget for the construction, the timeframe given to finish the structure, etc. While it may be commonly agreed that corpulence is contagious and children have Research Methods 4 a tendency to mimic their adults (Snyder, C., 2007), focusing on this principle does not constitute a solid review. As far as health lifestyle is concerned, the

Christianity and the world at large Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Christianity and the world at large - Essay Example Its main aim can be summarized in the following ways: 1. Abolition of property in land and application of all rents of land to public purposes; 2. A heavy progressive or graduated income tax; 3. Abolition of all rights of inheritance; 4. Confiscation of the property of all emigrants and rebels; 5. Centralization of credit in the hands of the state, by means of a national bank with State capital and an exclusive monopoly; 6. Centralization of the means of communication and transport in the hands of the State; 7. Extension of factories and instruments of production owned by the State, the bringing into cultivation of waste-lands, and the improvement of the soil generally in accordance with a common plan; 8. Equal liability of all to work and establishment of industrial armies, especially for agriculture; 9. Combination of agriculture with manufacturing industries, gradual abolition of all the distinction between town and country by a more equable distribution of the populace over the c ountry; and 10. Free education for all children in public schools, abolition of children's factory labor in its present form and combination of education with industrial production (http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch02.htm).3 Since communism is against any form of subjugation, the Church is considered its enemy for a church has leaders, even a hierarchy of elders who would oversee the flock and make sure that no one goes astray. Charles Darwin's teaching of Natural Selection is anchored on the principle of preservation. According to him, natural selection, "on the principle of qualities being inherited at corresponding ages, can modify the egg, seed, or young, as easily as the adult."4 Plainly speaking, this...The likes of Abraham Lincoln and George Washington led the United States of America anchoring on Biblical truths and Christianity as a whole. America still looks back and acknowledges that some of the glorious past of this country were under the leadership of these two figures.Christianity in general should put itself in its proper place and not quarrel with other people insisting only on what it thinks is right. The first step is accepting that people of all ages and nations vary in many ways and one of these is their belief and principle in life. By learning to accept others the way they are leads to a better understanding of why they are so different and why they behave in the way they do. Having a n open mind can lead to less prejudice and judgmental spirit. The second step is respect. Since people are free to choose what they should believe in, Christianity should not impose on others what it thinks is right or wrong. In other words, to respect other’s religious conviction will lead to a more harmonious relationship. It has been said that man is not supposed to do to others what he does not want others to do to him. In this way, if Christianity seeks respect, it should also respect others. Finally, Christianity must not cease to be vigilant. It should continue to be a watchdog, a spiritual eye to the government and the nation as a whole. Although it may not force itself, its very presence will shed light to the world around it and will lead others to know the difference.